Last Updated on March 21, 2025 by Bertrand Clarke

Colorectal cancer, which includes both colon and rectal cancers, is a significant health concern in the United States, ranking as the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and the fourth leading cause in women. According to estimates from the American Cancer Society, over 150,000 Americans will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer this year, and approximately 52,900 individuals will succumb to the disease. With an increasing number of cases, it is crucial to understand the risk factors, treatment options, and steps for early detection and prevention, especially as March marks Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month.

The Growing Concern of Colorectal Cancer

The incidence of colorectal cancer is rising at an alarming rate. While the disease is more common in people over the age of 50, recent studies have shown a troubling increase in cases among younger adults. The lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer is approximately 1 in 24 for men and 1 in 26 for women, making awareness and prevention strategies vital for everyone, regardless of age.

Experts suggest that the rise in colorectal cancer among younger individuals could be attributed to a variety of factors, including obesity, poor dietary habits, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. Environmental factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals in the environment, may also contribute to the rise in cases. Understanding these risks and taking steps to mitigate them can significantly reduce the likelihood of developing this potentially life-threatening disease.

Recognizing the Risk Factors

Colorectal cancer risk factors can be categorized into two groups: lifestyle-related factors, which can be modified, and non-lifestyle factors, which are more difficult to control.

Lifestyle Factors:

1. Obesity and Overweight: Being overweight or obese is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer. Fatty tissues can produce hormones that may encourage cancer growth.
2. Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle contributes to many chronic diseases, including cancer. Regular physical activity has been shown to lower the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
3. Diet: Diets high in red and processed meats, low in fiber, and lacking in fruits and vegetables can significantly increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
4. Tobacco and Alcohol Use: Smoking and heavy alcohol consumption also raise the risk. Both behaviors can damage the colon and increase the likelihood of cancerous growth.

Non-Lifestyle Factors:

1. Family History: Individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps are at a higher risk. Genetic factors such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis significantly increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
2. Pre-existing Conditions: Those with inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis are at a greater risk.
3. Age: Colorectal cancer becomes more common as individuals age, particularly after 50. However, recent trends have shown that more younger people are being diagnosed with this cancer, making it even more important to remain vigilant and proactive about screenings.

The Importance of Screening

Early detection of colorectal cancer can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery. Regular screening is the best way to catch cancer early before it spreads. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that adults aged 45 to 75 be screened for colorectal cancer, a guideline that was updated in 2021. This change lowered the recommended age for screening from 50 to 45 due to the growing incidence of colorectal cancer in younger populations.

For adults aged 76 to 85, the decision to undergo screening should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider. Screening is generally not recommended for those over the age of 85, as the risks may outweigh the benefits.

Several methods exist for colorectal cancer screening, each with its advantages and limitations:

1. Colonoscopy: This procedure is considered the gold standard for colorectal cancer screening. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the colon to look for abnormal growths, such as polyps, which may be removed during the procedure to prevent cancer.
2. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy but less invasive, a sigmoidoscopy examines only the lower part of the colon. It typically requires less sedation than a full colonoscopy.
3. CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy): This non-invasive imaging test uses X-rays to take pictures of the colon. While it provides a clear image, it cannot remove polyps like a colonoscopy can.
4. Stool-based Tests: These tests, such as the FIT (fecal immunochemical test) and Cologuard, detect blood or genetic material in the stool that could indicate the presence of colorectal cancer. These tests can be done at home and sent to a lab for analysis. If abnormalities are found, further testing, such as a colonoscopy, is recommended.

A New Hope: Blood Test for Colorectal Cancer

In 2024, the FDA approved a blood test for colorectal cancer screening, offering a new, non-invasive option for those who might otherwise avoid traditional screening methods. The Guardant Health Shield test is designed for adults aged 45 and older who are at average risk of the disease. This breakthrough provides an alternative for individuals who may be hesitant about other types of screening due to fear or discomfort.

Lowering Your Risk: What You Can Do

While some risk factors for colorectal cancer, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, there are several lifestyle adjustments individuals can make to lower their risk:

1. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Losing weight, if necessary, can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Focus on a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
2. Exercise Regularly: Physical activity not only helps with weight management but also reduces cancer risk by promoting overall health and supporting immune function.
3. Quit Smoking and Limit Alcohol: Smoking is a known carcinogen, and excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to various cancers. Quitting smoking and reducing alcohol intake can substantially lower your cancer risk.
4. Eat a Balanced Diet: A diet high in fiber and low in red and processed meats is crucial. Foods such as whole grains, vegetables, and legumes can help protect against colorectal cancer.
5. Stay Up-to-Date with Screenings: Regular screenings, starting at age 45 for most individuals, are the best way to detect potential problems early. For those at higher risk, earlier and more frequent screenings may be necessary.

Conclusion

Colorectal cancer is a serious and increasingly common disease, but by understanding the risk factors, recognizing the importance of early screening, and making lifestyle changes, individuals can significantly reduce their risk and improve their chances of early detection. Speak with your healthcare provider about your personal risk and the best screening schedule for you—taking action today can save your life tomorrow.